Any substance that is regularly added to feeding stuffs to alter their characteristics or nutritive value. Within the European Community the term has been assigned a particular meaning, primarily for clarity in feeding stuffs legislation (The Feeding Stuffs Regulations 2000 [SI 2000 No. 2481]) as follows.
A substance or preparation used in animal nutrition to
(a) affect favourably the characteristics of feed materials, compound feeding stuffs or animal products,
(b) satisfy the nutritional needs of animals or improve animal production, in particular by affecting the gastro-intestinal flora or the digestibility of feeding stuffs,
(c) introduce into nutrition elements conducive to obtaining particular objectives or to meeting the nutritional needs of animals at a particular time or,
(d) prevent or reduce the harmful effects caused by animal excretions or improve animal environment.
This excludes everything not covered by EU Council Directive 70/524/EE concerning additives in feeding stuffs.
Recognized and permitted additives are listed in the pertinent directive by different groups under their allocated EU reference numbers and name or description together with qualifying information where appropriate. The qualifying information includes specific additive name, chemical formula, kind of animal for which it may be used, maximum or minimum quantity permitted and any special
conditions of use. The various categories of additives are as follows.
Permitted antioxidants, added to feeding stuffs to help prevent oxidative deterioration. For example: E304, 6-palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid, C22H38O7 , permitted for use in any feeding stuff.
Permitted colourants, included in feeding stuffs to modify the colour of animal products used as human food, such as eggs (yolk colour) or salmon and trout (flesh colour). For example: E161I, citranaxanthin, C33H44O, permitted in the nutrition of laying hens so long as the content in a complete feeding stuff does not exceed 80 mg kg 1 alone or with other carotenoids and xanthophylls.
Permitted emulsifiers, thickeners and gelling agents, used to manipulate the viscosity of liquids or the ‘set’ of feed blocks or buckets. This category of additive is more often used in the preparation of feeding stuffs for companion animals rather than farmed livestock. The category is subdivided into those permitted for use in any feeding stuff, such as E415, xantham gum, most often used in the manipulation of viscosity of liquid feeding stuffs, and those with more specific uses such as E488, polyoxyethylated glycerides of tallow fatty acids, permitted for calves at no more than 5000 mg kg 1 in milk replacer feeds only.
Vitamins A, D2 and D3 are permitted for the supplementation of a variety of feeding stuffs but mainly in milk replacer feeds. The simultaneous use of E670, vitamin D2 and E671, vitamin D3 , is frequently prohibited. An example of more general use is E671, vitamin D3 , which can be used for cattle up to a maximum of 4000 IU kg 1 of a complete feeding stuff.
Trace elements, in the forms listed, can be added to animal feeding stuffs. Their conditions of use are subject to close control. For example, E4, copper, can be added in various forms, including basic cupric carbonate, monohydrate (Cu(CH3 .COO)2 .H2 O) and cupric sulphate, pentahydrate (CuSO4 .5H2 O), to the diets of fattening pigs up to 16 weeks of age, provided that the total (added plus background level) does not exceed 175 mg Cu kg 1 of the complete feeding stuff. For other species and categories of farm animals, the total (added and background) level of copper in the complete diet must not exceed 35 mg kg 1 but for ovines the permitted upper limit is 15mg Cu kg 1 of complete feeding stuff.
Aromatics and appetizing substances include natural substances and corresponding synthetic products as well as artificial substances such as E954ii, sodium saccharin, C7 H4 NNaO3 S, which is permitted for piglets up to 4 months of age to a maximum inclusion of 150 mg kg 1 of a complete feeding stuff.
Preservatives are divided into two groups. The first includes substances used mainly in the feeding of farm livestock such as E280, propionic acid, C3 H5 O2 Na. Within this group hydrochloric acid (HCl) and E513, sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ), can only be used in the preparation of silage. Most of the preservatives in the second group are permitted only in feeding stuffs for dogs and cats or other companion animals. For example, E217, sodium propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, C10H11O3 Na, is permitted in any feeding stuff for companion animals. E285, methylpropionic acid, C4 H8 O2 , may be used in feeding stuffs for ruminants at the beginning of rumination at levels between a maximum of 4000 mg kg 1 and minimum of 1000 mg kg 1 in complete feeding stuffs.
Acidity regulators are permitted primarily in feeding stuffs for dogs and cats. An example is E500I, sodium carbonate.
Permitted binders, anti-caking agents and coagulants are used to improve the physical characteristics of feeding stuffs as in the production of stable, durable pelleted feeding stuffs or the maintenance of meals in a free-flowing form. For example E565, lignosulphonates, can be used as binding agents in the production of pelleted feeding stuffs.
Permitted enzymes form a relatively large category including substances used to improve the digestibility of feeding stuffs or the effi- ciency of the animal’s digestive process to make better use of feeding stuffs or reduce the level of undesirable excretions. For example: EC 3.2.1.1, -amylase, produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (CBS 360.94) with minimum levels of activity of 45,000 RAU g 1 in solid preparations and 20,000 RAU ml 1 in liquid preparations can be used for fattening pigs up to 1800 RAU kg 1 of complete feeding stuff, provided that the directions for use of the additive or premixture indicate the storage temperature, storage life and stability to pelleting. A dose rate of 1800 RAU kg 1 complete feeding stuff is recommended and it is used exclusively in compound feeding stuffs destined for liquid feeding systems containing starch-rich feed materials (e.g. < 35% wheat).
Selected microorganisms can be added to feeding stuffs to assist or enhance digestion or digestive efficiency, particularly in feeding stuffs for ruminants in which organisms such as yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) may beneficially modify rumen fermentation. For example: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CNCM 1-1077, in a preparation containing a minimum of 2 106 colony-forming units (CFU) g 1 , is permitted in feeding stuffs for dairy cows at concentrations between 5.5 108 and 1.5 109 CFU kg 1 of complete feeding stuff provided that the directions for use indicate storage temperature, storage life and stability to pelleting. The quantity of S. cerevisiae in a daily ration must not exceed 8.4 109 CFU for 100 kg body weight and 1.8 109 CFU for each additional 100 kg body weight.
Zootechnical additives are substances such as antibiotics, coccidiostats, other medicinal substances or growth promoters which are listed in one or more of the groups specified in Part I of Annex C to Council Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feeding stuffs. They are listed linked to either a person responsible for their marketing, species or category of animal and other constraints of use. For example: the antibiotic Avilamycin 200 g kg 1 (MaxusG200, Maxus 200; Eli Lilly and Company Ltd) is permitted for turkeys when used between 5 mg and 10 mg active substance kg 1 Others are known by their generic names, such as Antibiotic E714, monensin sodium, and Coccidiostat E750, amprolium. All additives permitted for use in animal feeding stuffs within the EU are continually under review, and from time to time regulations controlling their use may be changed or modified and entries added or removed.
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